Dr. Sara Jahnke and Dr. Denise Smith served as panelists on the virtual roundtable “Long term health impacts of COVID-19.” Register here to watch the on-demand webinar.
Dr. Denise Smith contributed to this article.
More than 60 EMS providers have died of complications related to their COVID-19 infections. While this number exceeds the line-of-duty deaths (LODDs) from all causes in previous years, the risk of dying from a COVID-19 infection, particularly for someone within the most common demographics of public safety, is relatively low. Further, the infection is becoming less deadly as the medical and scientific communities become better equipped to respond to and treat severe cases, and mass vaccinations of older adults are leading to the weight of the diagnoses being more common in younger adults.
Many people, including many in emergency services, have asked, “Is it really that bad?” After all, most people will survive a COVID infection. This, in turn, has led to many individuals refusing the opportunity to vaccinate against the disease.
But death is not the only issue firefighters and EMS providers need to be concerned with when it comes to COVID-19. As the pandemic has progressed, clinicians and scientists are becoming increasingly alarmed with what has been termed “Long COVID” – continued symptoms of COVID-19 that last 3 weeks or more after the diagnosis.
Among those hospitalized with the flu, 90% are fully recovered within 2 weeks of hospital discharge. Similar rates post-COVID-19 are not nearly as promising. Among those who have been hospitalized for COVID-19, 87% report symptoms even 2 months post-hospitalization. Even among those with mild symptoms, more than one-third report symptoms continuing two weeks post-diagnosis.
Overall, approximately 10% of those are infected are classified as “Long COVID” cases.
What is “Long COVID”?
The long-term health effects of COVID-19 are just beginning to emerge. While there is still much that researchers and clinicians do not know, there are some concerning issues that are becoming clear.
For example, according to the WHO report, “In the wake of the pandemic: Preparing for Long COVID,” approximately 25% of individuals who had COVID-19 still have physical symptoms one month after they became ill, and about 10% have symptoms that persist after 12 weeks.
Long COVID patients have a broad range of overlapping and often debilitating symptoms, such as muscle pain or chest pain, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, and severe fatigue. The physical symptoms seem to be independent of the severity of the initial infection symptoms.
Pathological changes can lead to many clinic conditions:
- Clotting disorders (stroke, myocardial infarctions, pulmonary embolism)
- Hypertension and related disorders (aneurisms, valvular problems)
- Pulmonary congestion, fibrosis (shortness of breath, coughing)
- Cardiac damage (fibrosis increases risk of arrhythmias, high troponin, inflammation)
- Excessive immune response (cytokine storm, long-term inflammation)
- Metabolic syndrome (altered blood glucose, insulin resistance, diabetes)
- Neurological disorders (brain fog, altered mood, anxiety, depression)
While many COVID “long-haulers,” as they have been called, experience improving health after months of illness, it is often not a steady improvement, with multiple bouts of concerning symptoms, such as extreme fatigue, shortness of breath, and headache. Furthermore, concerning symptoms, such as clotting disorders can appear weeks or months after COVID-19, even in those who had a mild course of the illness. And we still do not know how long it will take for some individuals to return to their “normal” health because there are many long-haulers who have not yet regained their health.
The causes of long-term COVID-19 are not fully understood, but there is evidence that many of the persistent symptoms are related to endothelial disruption. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the blood vessels – so it is present in every body system that has a blood supply, including blood vessels in the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, muscles, etc. This helps explain why so many organ systems are involved with COVID-19 or the recovery from COVID-19. The endothelium plays a key role in inflammation, permeability and blood clotting and thus is involved in many COVID-19 symptoms, such as the exaggerated inflammatory response, congestion in different tissues and clot formation.
Behavioral health and cognitive impact
The long-term impacts of COVID extend beyond the physical impact. In a study of nearly a quarter-million medical records, Dr. Maxime Taquet and colleagues followed patients through their medical records. In the 6 months after being diagnosed with COVID-19, 30% of patients had a subsequent psychological diagnosis – most often anxiety of depression. Those who had contracted COVID were also more likely to develop dementia, neurologic disorders or stroke.
Arguably, the impact of the pandemic could have impacted patients in general and lead to more psychological challenges. To examine this, the team compared rates of diagnoses and found that those who had contracted COVID-19 were significantly more likely to be subsequently diagnosed with a psychologic or neurologic diagnosis compared to those who had other diagnoses, such as non-COVID respiratory diseases or the season flu. Most alarming, and surprising, was that the chances of a subsequent diagnosis were unrelated to the severity of COVID-19 symptoms.
The precise reason behind the cognitive and psychologic impact is not well understood and is currently being studied. Some possible reasons for the impact may be related to changes in oxygen levels, endothelial disfunction, alteration in blood flow to the brain, or inflammation.
The impact on EMS
COVID-19 results in a spectrum of illness, from being asymptomatic to pneumonia and organ damage, and even death. It is now clear that recovery can be reasonably quick or excruciating long and complicated. Prevention remains a top priority. For those who have recovered from or are recovering from COVID-19, it is important to watch for potential long-term symptoms and to allow adequate time for the body to recover. Agencies will need to be attentive to the ability of providers to respond to full operational capacity following a prolonged recovery period.
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About the co-author
Dr. Denise Smith is a professor at Skidmore College and a research scientist at the Illinois Fire Service Institute (IFSI). Dr. Smith focuses on the relationship between heat stress and cardiovascular function. A significant portion of her research focuses on the cardiovascular strain associated with firefighting activity. She has published several articles the effects of firefighting on cardiovascular function, coagulatory potential, immune function and hormonal status. Dr. Smith has also conducted several laboratory studies designed to identify specific components of firefighting activity (work performed, heat stress, sympathetic nervous stimulation) that are responsible for specific physiological responses to the combined stress of firefighting. Dr. Smith received her PhD from the University of Illinois in 1990 and her master’s degree in 1985.
